Aboriginal Motifs

Functions and Philosophies

- Respect:

The rights of Indigenous people to own and control their heritage, including Indigenous images, designs, stories and other cultural expressions, should be respected.

Public art – acknowledging land

It is common practice for Indigenous artists to seek approval from the Indigenous community for public art-based projects in any particular ‘country’ within Australia.

-Communication, consultation and consent

Interpreters and translators

Indigenous artists in remote communities may require interpreters. Ask the artist if they require an interpreter.

Sensitivity of content

Sensitive content, such as secret and sacred material or gender-based works, may require special communication procedures that should be ascertained first.

Gender

When engaging in consultation with a community be aware there may be a gender division of responsibilities and cultural knowledge.

Photography of Indigenous people

Ask an artist’s permission to photograph them at events, and to use their image, especially for wide promotions and on the internet.

Collaborating with Indigenous artists

It is important that communication and consultation with Indigenous artists and their communities takes place in the initial development phase of the project. Consent should be obtained before going ahead.

It is also important to discuss copyright ownership at the outset where more than one artist or a community is involved.

Moral Rights and Issues

-Attribute the cultural source of an image or story that I intent to use on my artwork. 

For example, an image originating from a particular language group should be attributed 

in each and every publication illustrating the artwork.

- Ask the artist permission to reproduce his or her work and mention the artist name

- The destruction or mutilation of, or material alteration to, the work that causes harm to the artist’s reputation.

- Exhibition of the work in public in a manner or place that causes harm to the artist’s reputation.

Sources:

http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/32368/Visual_arts_protocol_guide.pdf

Native American Motifs

Cleveland Indians

The Cleveland Indians began, as the Cleveland Blues when the American League opened their doors in 1901, became the Cleveland Naps in 1905 and changed to the modern day Indians in 1915. The logos for the Cleveland Indians appear below in chronological order.

1915-1920

1921-1928

1929-1932

1933-1939

1940-1950

1951-1972

1973-1979

1980-current

The Cleveland Indians current logo it’s a review from the one used in 1951-1972.

The different is the red colour tone.

The mascot still been used as a logo and on the uniforms the logo application is on the cap and sleeve. The logotype is placed on the t-shirt at the front.

It is a friendly logo; the use of the colours is related to the American colours.
Thick and dark brush stroke used on the mascot outline. Inconsistent outline. Use of complementary colours.
Old-fashion that could be Re-designed to be used current.

The Chief Wahoo, mascot of the Cleveland Indians is a cartoon logo that have been criticised for perpetuating Indian stereotypes.
But the real concept of the logo is to associate the characteristics of the native american to the team players. i.e: brave, courageous, valiant, unfrightened.
The Native America Motif on the logo history started subtle. The native illustration, in profile, had just two feathers and a plait, no colour. With the passing of the time, the motif started have more details, colour.

Various other patches were worn for the next few years, none of them featuring Indians. In 1946, both the home and road shirts featured a City of Cleveland Sesquicentennial patch. In 1947, home and road uniforms began featuring the first incarnation of Chief Wahoo, replacing the old profile with a three-quarters face style. A newer style of Chief Wahoo replaced that one on the uniform shirt sleeve starting in 1951. That style has remained the model for Chief Wahoo to this day.

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians

http://www.logoserver.com/Cleveland_Indians_Logos.html

http://www.sportslogos.net/team.php?id=57

Melbourne Sports Museum Critiques

Logo: Sydney Olympic Games 2000
- The colours used are related to the official Olympic games logo.
- Designed by Michael Bryce, an architect and graphic designer in 1992
- The elements and principles of design are applied as a colour, line in different tyoe of brush strokes,dot, dynamic,shape, space. It is effective because brings to the logo balance, harmony when using the colours and positioning the shapes in certain positions that gives the whole logo unit and when we pay attention we can see that the shapes creates a character as well.
- The art style that should be classified is 'contemporary' because of the colours, modern feeling that the logo has.
- The concept of the bid logo is a stylized image of the Sydney Opera House, whilst the official logo featured the stylized image of a runner in motion. And is the motif of the boomerang that is as aboriginal flying tool that is related to Australia (where the Olympics games were sited).

- The logo is really well done and creative. Suit to the target and brief. It is friendly and easy to understand. The typeface used goes along with the graphic style used on the graphic too.

Uniform (logo application): Western Bulldogs

- Official colours Blue Guernsey with red and white bands and bulldog Motif.

- The elements and principles of design are applied as a colour,line,shape,space,contrast. It is effective because the the scale and proportion or the elements works well and the colours (red and blue) contrasts with the white of the bulldog.The design is simple but that helps to communicate clearly that the bulldog motif is the main focal point.The negative space around the motif helps that too.The is the contrast between the rounded shape of the logos and the squareness of the uniform shape and lines.  

- The art style that should be classified is 'contemporary' because of the colours, the logo style.

- The concept of the uniform is to emphasize the team visual identity so they can be easily recognized. 

- The uniform is fine. Simply and communicates to the target. I'd make it with a bit of more details or maybe bit 3d not to flat as it is.

Sources:

www.9visionsart.com/eng/contemporary-art.asp
www.gg.gov.au/content.php/page/id/4
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics
www.westernbulldogs.com.au

Critiquing Tools

Art Vocabulary List

Emphasis- is a principle of art which occurs any time an element of a piece is given dominance by the artist. In other words, the artist makes part of the work stand out, in order to draw the viewer's eye there first.

Balance- As a basic principle of art (specifically of design), balance refers to the ways in which the elements (lines, shapes, colors, textures, etc.) of a piece are arranged. Balance is one of those useful terms to know, if one is to employ Art Speak.

cross hatch styles

Cross Hatch - Hatching (hachure in French) is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing (or painting or scribing) closely spaced parallel lines. (It is also used in monochromatic heraldic representations to indicate what the tincture of a "full-colour" emblazon would be.) When lines are placed at an angle to one another, it is called cross-hatching.
Symmetry - is what occurs when one side of something balances out or mirrors the other. If you were to draw a midline from the top of your forehead, down the middle of your nose, over your lips and to the bottom of your chin, you could see that your eyes, ears, nostrils, and teeth all mirror each other on either side of the line. That's symmetry.

Rhythm- is a principle of art that's difficult to summarize in words. Assuming that you've picked up on a rhythm in music before, take what you heard with your ears and try to translate that to something you'd see with your eyes. Rhythm, in art, is a visual beat.

Adjecticve List

Value- Shadows, darkness, contrasts and light are all values in artwork.

Collage -Collage is from the French meaning "paste up". The combination of pieces of cloth, magazines and other found objects to create artwork.

Impasto

Fresco-Pigment is applied directly to damp plaster making this wall painting medium one of the most permanent form of wall decoration.

Impasto -A manner of painting where the paint is laid on thickly so texture stands out in relief.

Pigment-Pigment is the material used to create the effect of color on any surface.

Principles and elements of Design

Principles:

Emphasis- is the design principle that makes sure attention is drawn to the most important part of a design. This can be seen in the design to the left. This design uses scale and proportion to draw your attention to the main focal point.

Balance- is what gives a design stability and equilibrium. It distributes visual “weight” throughout space making the design seem fluid rather than lopsided or heavy. There as the symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance.

Harmony- Harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg.adjacent colours on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc.

Scale-Scale controls object size and make sure everything is well balanced and ensure a smooth and eye-catching design.

Elements: 

line

Line- Line can be considered in two ways. The linear marks made with a pen or brush or the edge created when two shapes meet.

Value- Value is the lightness or darkness of a colour. Value is also called Tone

Texture- Is the surface quality of a shape - rough, smooth, soft hard glossy etc. Texture can be physical (tactile) or visual.

Shape- A shape is a self contained defined area of geometric or organic form. A positive shape in a painting automatically creates a negative shape.

Direction- All lines have direction - Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique. Horizontal suggests calmness, stability and tranquillity. Vertical gives a feeling of balance, formality and alertness. Oblique suggests movement and action

Style Time line

Cupid 1601 by Caravaggio

1600-1750 - Baroque


Baroque was born in Italy, and later adopted in France, Germany, Netherlands, and Spain.
In painting and sculpture we recognize three main forms of Baroque:

 Baroque that was primarily associated with the religious tensions within Western Christianity: division on Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
Baroque is a style in which painters, sculptors, and architects rummaged emotion, movement, and variety in their works. Baroque favors higher volumes, exaggerates decorations, adds colossal sculptures, huge furniture etc. Sense of movement, energy, and tension are dominant impressions. Strong contrasts of light and shadow often enhance dramatic effects.

Baroque famous artists:
- Michelangelo Merisi-Caravaggio
- Agostino Carracci

1700-1760 - Rococo

Jean-Honore Fragonard:
The Swing

 Oil on Canvas- 1766 -The Wallace Collection, London

Based in France, Rococo was a decorative style most often used in interior design, painting, architecture, and sculpture. Rococo was manifested out of this new era of thought where society abandoned the formality of the earlier years and began pursuing personal amusement and happiness.
The term Rococo was derived from the French word, rocaille, meaning rock and shell garden ornamentation. The style appealed to the senses rather than intellect, stressing beauty over depth. The movement portrayed the life of the aristocracy, preferring themes of romance, mythology, fantasy, every day life to historical or religious subject matter.
Rococo was a light, ornamental, and elaborate style of art, identified by elegant and detailed ornamentation and the use of curved, asymmetrical forms.
Other elements of the style included graceful movement, playful use of line, and delicate coloring. Dominated by feminine taste and influence, the lively colors and playful subject matter made it suitable for interior decoration. The Rococo style was also used in portraiture and furniture and tapestry design

Rococo famous artists:
- Ricci
- Jean-Honore Fragonard

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff  Portrait of Emy,
1919, Oil on Canvas

Beginning 1905 - 

Die Brucke  

Die Brucke was the association of artist expressionists from Dresden, Germany. Their first exhibition was held in 1906. Die Brucke made use of a technique that was controlled, intentionally unsophisticated and crude, developing a style hallmarked by expressive distortions and emphases. Die Brucke artists often used color similar to the Fauves, and they were also influenced by art form from Africa and Oceania. 
Some of the painters in the group sympathized with the revolutionary socialism of the day and drew inspiration from Van Gogh's ideas on artists' communities. Die Brucke expressionists believed that their social criticism of the ugliness of modern life could lead to a new and better future. 


Die Brucke famous artists:
- Karl Schnidt-Rottluff
- Emil Nolde

1911 - 1914 - Rayonism ( Cubo-Futurism ) 

A type of abstract or semi-abstract painting characterised by the fragmentation of forms into masses of slanting lines.

Rayonism represents one of the first steps toward the development of abstract art in Russia and was founded by Mikhail F. Larionov and his wife Natalia Goncharova.

The new style was a synthesis of Cubism, Futurism, and Orphism and is also known as Cubo-Futurism.

Mikhail Larionov,1913, Russia

The brief life of Cubo-Futurism (Rayonism) suggests the considerable confusion that many Russians felt over the question of rural versus urban, agrarian versus industrial, and Russian versus French. The one issue Goncharova and Larionov were not in doubt was artistic progress and they wanted to contribute to it. After Larionov's return to Moscow, the Suprematists and the Constructivists were now center stage.

Rayonism famous artists:
- Natalia Goncharova
- Mikhail Larionov

1918 - 1941 - De Ploeg

Johan Dijkstra (1896-1978)  A country road in Groningen, oil on canvas 
The artist’s association ‘De Ploeg’ was founded in 1918 in reaction to the artistic climate in Groningen. A number of young artists felt they did not have enough opportunity to develop themselves and exhibit their work. They hoped that as a group they would be able to exhibit their work and also organize exhibitions and lectures through which artists and the general public could learn about recent developments in art, architecture and literature.

De Plog famous artists:

-Jan Wiegers

-Johan Dijkstra

Lettrism - Mid 1940s

Isidore Isou, Amos,1953. 

Lettrism is a French avant-garde movement, established in Paris in the mid-1940s by Romanian immigrant Isidore Isou. In a body of work totalling hundreds of volumes, Isou and the Lettrists have applied their theories to all areas of art and culture, most notably in poetry, film, painting and political theory.

Gabriel Pomerand, Sans titre, 1951

The term, having been the original name that was first given to the group, has lingered as a blanket term to cover all of their activities, even as many of these have moved away from any connection to letters. But other names have also been introduced, either for the group as a whole or for its activities in specific domains, such as 'the Isouian movement', 'youth uprising', 'hypergraphics', 'creatics', 'infinitesimal art' and 'excoördism'.
Lettrism famous artists:
-Gabriel Pomerand
- Maurice Lemaitre
Hard-Edge - Late 1950s, Early 1960s

The term Hard-edge painting was coined in 1959 by art historian Jules Langsner to characterize the nonfigurative work of four artists from California in an exhibition called Four Abstract Classicists. The term then gained broader currency after British critic Lawrence Alloway used it to describe contemporary American geometric abstract painting featuring an “economy of form,” “fullness of color,” “neatness of surface,” and the nonrelational, allover arrangement of forms on the canvas... Also described as Abstract Imaginism.

Hard- Edge famous artists:
-  Frederick Hammersley
- John McLaughlin
Op Art (Optical Art)
 - Beginning in the 1960s

Jessus- Raphael Soto Spiral, 1950

Op Art made its appearance in the United States and Europe in the late 1950s. Op Art, also called Optical Art, was popular along side Pop Art. Branching from the geometric abstraction movement, Op Art includes paintings concerned with surface kinetics. It was a movement which exploits the fallibility of the eye through the use of optical illusions. The viewer gets the impression of movement by flashing and vibration, or alternatively of swelling or warping. Two techniques used to achieve this effect are perspective illusion and chromatic tension. Artists used colors, lines and shapes repetitive and simple ways to create perceived movement and to trick the viewer's eye.Op Art famous artists:

-  Victor Vasarely
- Jessus - Raphael Soto

Minimal Art - 1970s

TRABUM (part of the Element Series) 

Title is derived from the Latin for log or timber.

Minimal art was an artistic style, which emerged in America the late 1950s. The term was taken from an essay about modern American art by art philosopher Richard Wollheim in 1965. Minimal Art first established itself in painting, and then sculpture, where it had the greatest impact.

Minimal art sculptures were primarily made from industrial materials, such as aluminium, steel, glass, concrete, wood, plastic or stone. The objects, frequently reduced to very simple geometric shapes, were industrially produced, thus removing the artist’s personal signature from the work. The works were also characterised by serial arrangements of a number of bodies/shapes, and large dimensions.
Minimal Art famous artists:
- Carl Andre
- Dan Flavin

Relational art - 2002

Gabriel Orozco, Black Kites, 1997.

Relational Art is an emerging movement in art identified by Nicolas Bourriaud, a French philosopher, who recognized a growing number of contemporary artists used performative and interactive techniques that rely on the responses of others: pedestrians, shoppers, browsers—the casual observer-turned-participant. As an art critic, Bourriaud has reviewed many internationally renowned exhibitions and performances. Over the course of writing editorials for the French magazine Documents sur l’Art, Bourriaud came to term what he was seeing—more accurately, experiencing—as a movement in Relational Art.

 Relational Art Famous Artists:

 -Nicolas Bourriaud

 -Felix Gonzalez-Torres

Sources:

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c17th-mid19th/baroque.htm

http://wwar.com/masters/movements/rococo.html

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c20th/diebrucke.htm

http://www.ncmoa.org/collections/highlights/20thcentury/20th/1910-1950/028_lrg.shtml

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/rayonism.htm

http://en.mimi.hu/finearts/rayonism.html

http://the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/de-Ploeg/

http://www.wendtroot.com/spoetry/folder4/ng441.html

http://the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/Hard-Edge/

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/hard-edge-painting.htm

http://www.kettererkunst.com/dict/minimal-art.shtml